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James Garrard (January 14, 1749 – January 19, 1822) was a farmer and Baptist minister who served as the second governor of Kentucky from 1796 to 1804. Because of term limits imposed by the state constitution adopted in 1799, he was the last Kentucky governor elected to two consecutive terms until the restriction was eased by a 1992 amendment, allowing Paul E. Patton's re-election in 1999. After serving in the Revolutionary War, Garrard moved west to the part of Virginia that is now Bourbon County, Kentucky. He held several local political offices and represented the area in the Virginia House of Delegates. He was chosen as a delegate to five of the ten statehood conventions that secured Kentucky's separation from Virginia and helped write the state's first constitution. Garrard was among the delegates who unsuccessfully tried to exclude guarantees of the continuance of slavery from the document. In 1795, he sought to succeed Isaac Shelby as governor. In a three-way race, Benjamin Logan received a plurality, but not a majority, of the electoral votes cast. Although the state constitution did not specify whether a plurality or a majority was required, the electors held another vote between the top two candidates – Logan and Garrard – and on this vote, Garrard received a majority. Logan protested Garrard's election to state attorney general John Breckinridge and the state senate, but both claimed they had no constitutional power to intervene. A Democratic-Republican, Garrard opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts and favored passage of the Kentucky Resolutions. He lobbied for public education, militia and prison reforms, business subsidies, and legislation favorable to the state's large debtor class. In 1798, the state's first governor's mansion was constructed, and Garrard became its first resident. Due in part to the confusion resulting from the 1795 election, he favored calling a constitutional convention in 1799. Because of his anti-slavery views, he was not chosen as a delegate to the convention. Under the resulting constitution, the governor was popularly elected and was forbidden from succeeding himself in office, although Garrard was personally exempted from this provision and was re-elected in 1799. During his second term, he applauded Thomas Jefferson's purchase of Louisiana from France as a means of dealing with the closure of the port at New Orleans to U.S. goods. Late in his term, his Secretary of State, Harry Toulmin, persuaded him to adopt some doctrines of Unitarianism, and he was expelled from the Baptist church, ending his ministry. He also clashed with the legislature over the appointment of a registrar for the state land office, leaving him embittered and unwilling to continue in politics after the conclusion of his term. He retired to his estate, Mount Lebanon, and engaged in agricultural and commercial pursuits until his death on January 19, 1822. Garrard County, Kentucky, created during his first term, was named in his honor. ==Early life and family== James Garrard was born in Stafford County, Virginia, on January 14, 1749.〔Harrison in ''The Kentucky Encyclopedia'', p. 363〕 He was second of three children born to Colonel William and Mary (Naughty) Garrard.〔Des Cognets, p. 6〕 Garrard's mother died sometime between 1755 and 1760; afterward, his father married Elizabeth Moss, and the couple had four more children.〔 William Garrard was the county lieutenant of Stafford County, by virtue of which he held the rank of colonel and was in command of the county militia.〔 The Garrard family was moderately wealthy, and the Stafford County courthouse was built on their land.〔Billings and Blee, p. 58〕 During his childhood, James worked on his father's farm.〔Everman in ''Kentucky's Governors'', p. 7〕 He was educated in the common schools of Stafford County and studied at home, acquiring a fondness for books.〔 Early in life, he associated himself with the Hartwood Baptist Church near Fredericksburg, Virginia.〔Des Cognets, p. 9〕 On December 20, 1769, Garrard married his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth Mountjoy.〔〔Johnson, p. 721〕 Shortly thereafter, his sister Mary Anne married Mountjoy's brother, Colonel John Mountjoy.〔Everman in ''Governor James Garrard'', p. 1〕 Garrard and his wife had five sons and seven daughters.〔Des Cognets, p. 15〕 One son and two daughters died before reaching age two.〔 Of the surviving four sons, all participated in the War of 1812 and all served in the Kentucky General Assembly.〔Des Cognets, p. 14〕 A number of his grandsons served in the Civil War, including Union Generals Kenner Garrard and Theophilus T. Garrard.〔Des Cognets, pp. 31, 62〕 Another grandson, James H. Garrard, was elected to five consecutive terms as state treasurer, serving from 1857 until his death in 1865.〔Des Cognets, pp. 61–62〕 Garrard served in the Revolutionary War as a member of his father's Stafford County militia, although it is not known how much combat he participated in.〔〔"James Garrard". ''Dictionary of American Biography''〕 While on board a schooner on the Potomac River, he was captured by British forces.〔 His captors offered to free him in exchange for military information, but he refused the offer and later escaped.〔Everman in ''Governor James Garrard'', p. 2〕 While serving in the militia in 1779, Garrard was elected to represent Stafford County the Virginia House of Delegates,〔 and he assumed his seat for the 1779 legislative session.〔 His major contribution to the session was advocating for a bill that granted religious liberty to all residents of Virginia; passage of the bill ended persecution by citizens who associated with the Church of England upon followers of other faiths and countered an effort by some to establish the Church of England as Virginia's official church.〔Johnson, p. 720〕 After the session, he returned to his military duties.〔 In 1781, he was promoted to the rank of colonel.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Garrard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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